FREEDOM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FREEDOM - Essay Example In this paper, I will describe my concept of freedom and why I feel that I am free. I will also explain what idea of freedom people have in their minds and how the meaning of freedom has changed over the years. Some people believe that freedom is something that the Nature has not granted man with. They affirm that life is a sequence of predetermined events that come to us and go leaving signs of happiness or scars of sorrow on our hearts. For them, it is the Nature who has already decided who we are, which race we belong to, what we shall earn, what we shall spend, and where we shall live our lives. This concept is also a part of many religions where people believe that every good and bad comes from God and we are just made to bear that good or bad. Even Shakespeare said that this life is a stage and the human beings are only the actors who have to play their part of the play, and pass on. The strings are in God’s hands. To some extent, I also believe in this thing that God has decided for us many things, just as Leiter (2010) states, â€Å"Religious beliefs involve, explicitly or implicitly, a metaphysics of ultimate reality.† But on the other hand, He has also left a lot ma ny things in our hands too. If he has decided for us who are parents are going to be, what color we shall be, what race we shall belong, what language we shall speak, what religion we shall follow, what relations we shall make, then he also told us what is right and what is wrong and then left us free to choose whichever path we wanted to choose. God told me the right path and then set me free by providing me with equipments to help myself follow that path. He told me the wrong path and then set me free by providing me the resources which I may avail to follow the bad path. Now, it is up to me to choose the right path or the bad one. Then, who says that I am not free? Of course, I am free. I am free to make my own choices. I am free to

Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

Leadership Style Essay My style of leadership is as a developer. Style 3 which an approach allowing people to think things through on their own, yet implementing guidelines on how to handled issues with delivering pharmacy care to our patients. This leadership technique requires the employee to exhaust all options available based on their level of knowledge and issues that require extensive research or problem solving are escalated for me to resolve. In many cases, this style of leadership empowers the employees and many employees excel in their jobs because they have a sense that they are appreciated. On the other hand, the developer as a leader does not deal well with resistance from employees. When the leader avoids conflict this can result in a loss of morale and focus on completing work-related tasks. The people-first mindset of this type of leader makes it difficult to keep employees moving along in order to meet company goals. My group was composed of Style 2 problem solver and Style 3 developer. The problem solver of the group made themselves available themselves available and part of the leadership consisted of demanding the team to stay on track and following the outline of the course. The team members all understood that each of the other members had something to offer the leadership course in the quest to finish the objectives and move on to the next class. In comparison to the developers the problem solvers lead with passion. One of the major difference between the leadership styles is that problem-solvers are more visionary and thinks about the big picture while the developer takes a an internal approach and focusing on what the team requires to accomplish their goals. I have a better understanding that as a leader I must attempt to optimize how the team’s goals are developed not just the performance required to accomplish the goals. Developing these skills encompasses a maturation of motivation and values so that as a leader I can elevate the needs of the other team members. The Developer of the team will try to identify opportunities for positive feedback and avoid confrontations that are related to performance this could esult in slower progress to reach the teams goal because the developer to approach a non-performing team member. Other leadership styles may see the Developer’s team as having a lack of direction because the leader places the well being of member’s before the completion of a task. The pitfall can build frustration to other team members who are goal or task oriented and subsequently leads to lower performance standards for the group especially to the Director and Problem Solver who wants fast results from a task driven, highly motivated team. The leaders in the team are very similar because they are sincere, people-oriented, and goal oriented. The Problem Solver and Developer worked well to motivate the team to live up to the vision and the goals of tasks. I realized both leaders are fearful of making the hard choices and possible changes needed to succeed. The leaders focus on team members’ differences while supporting individual’s needs.

Legalizing Marijuana in society

Legalizing Marijuana in society Legalizing Marijuana While most people recognize only the negative and harm that goes with marijuana use in society, there are several positive effects that are being ignored. In an essay written by Carl Sagan (1969), an advocator for legalizing marijuana, he states, â€Å" The illegality of cannabis (marijuana) is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insight, sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world.† Too many persons, marijuana users and even those who dont use the drug share similar sentiments. States like California have begun the quest for legalizing marijuana after many debates. Marijuana or cannabis as it is commonly called is a green or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It is smoked by rolling it in tobacco paper or putting it into a pipe. This drug is consumed by a great number of people around the world. There are over two hundred slang terms for marijuana including pot, herb, weed, boom, Mary Jane, ganger and chronic. The drug has always been considered an illicit drug ever since Harry Anslinger made false remarks at a hearing in 1937. However, many people cultivate it on a small or large scale for sale to the public and people in turn purchase it for use as a form of recreation and even medical reasons. Although from all accounts, many persons consider marijuana to be the least harmful drug among others, including alcohol and cigarettes, it is forbidden by law in many countries and parts of the United States of America. Some commonly committed drug crimes include possession of the drug, possession wit h the intent to sell, cultivation of the drug; drug trafficking, manufacture and distribution. Supporters of the criminalization of marijuana in the United States consider the use of the drug a felony and the laws governing marijuana are as rigid as those regulating cocaine or heroin. Users of the drug and even non-users request that laws be modified to alleviate the penalties related to its conviction when one is charged, or to have the drug legalized. It is proven that among all the crimes related to drug use, there are fewer crimes related to that of marijuana use. The Office of National Drug Committee in its report on the number of persons in jail for drug related crimes states that marijuana accounts for just 13 percent of all drug state offenders. From a broader prospective of the entire prison population, it was noted that marijuana was involved in the conviction of 2.7 percent of all state inmates. About 1.6 percent of the state prison population was held for offenses involving just marijuana while just 0.7 percent was incarcerated with marijuana possession as the only charge and 0.3 percent was first time offenders. It is claimed by the supporters of the legality of marijuana, that the drug stimulates crime in society. Yet, they ignore the simple fact that it is because of the strict but deteriorating law enforcements imposed on the use of the drug that encourages these simple crimes. An expert supports this in the following words, If marijuana users are no longer jailed for possession of the drug, lots of room will be opened up in our already overcrowded prison systems for more hardened offenders such as: murderers, rapists, child molesters and other violent criminals. The judicial system will no longer be burdened by having to trial cases involving marijuana. As a result, the police will be able to allocate more resources to solving more violent crimes. Since marijuana could therefore be purchased at any drug store after being legalized, violent crimes such as: robbery, drug warfare, contamination of drugs by other substances such as LSD, PCP and cocaine could quickly become a thing of the past (Saldevar, J., 2006). It is stunning to note the number of persons admitted in hospital emergency rooms due to the use of alcohol and cigarette (tobacco) use legal drugs. The following are statistics on alcohol vs. marijuana use. Records show that 100 thousand deaths annually are directly linked to acute alcohol poisoning while in 4,000 years of recorded history no one has died from marijuana overdose. It is also stated that alcohol causes physical and psychological dependences as well as temporary and permanent damages to all major organs of the body. Marijuana therefore, is a much less violent provoking substance than alcohol. It can be confirmed by hospital authorities that there are few or no marijuana related illness in their emergency rooms, while billions of dollars are spent on other illnesses, and this is worldwide. Therefore, it should not be maintained that this drug be considered a public threat. Marijuana legality will instigate cultivation and sale on small or large scale farms. The high demand for this drug will be met with governments gaining from taxes and licenses from the farmers. There will be no more drug-trafficking or smuggling of marijuana but instead shipping companies to profit from such activities. This multi-billion dollar industry will by no means fail the economy, once it is regulated. Currently, the governments are at a loss simply because it is already a growing industry that they are not gaining from. The revenues that will be derived from taxes can bring much needed relief from debts of the economy. Other segments of the country including education, health, and security among others, will have better programs as a result of sufficient or perhaps overflowing funds disbursed throughout the country. Employment will no longer be an issue once this new drug industry has been controlled. With such major investments waiting and the creation of employment certain, drug dealers or cultivators can now be equated to sales men or businessmen. Standard of living in the country or the world by extension will surely be thriving. Opponents of the legalization of marijuana should not deprive any county from such economic gain. While critics claim that marijuana should not be decriminalized, advocates maintain strongly that if the drug is regulated and taxed like other goods such as alcohol and tobacco, it will now become a product with major economic and medical benefits. Companies involved in the manufacture and packaging of the drug will adhere to all government and federal standards. This will include appropriate labels such as ingredients listings and disclaimers placed on packages so as to advice and warn users of its contents. These should be clearly and strategically placed on each package with supervised dosages recommended by federal and medical advisors. In that way there may be no case of misuse and the drug will be kept out of the reach of minors. When such health standards are put in place, the onus will be on the companies involved to adhere to regulations of the state. Legal drugs like alcohol and cigarettes can be out of reach for minors because they are sold in stores who need licenses. These stores have an incentive to sell only to adults in order to keep their license. There should be similar incentives for marijuana dealers. To protect our children we must give these marijuana dealers an invitation not to sell to them illegally. This cannot be done in a system of marijuana prohibition because we cannot take a license away if we did not give it out. To alleviate the many social and economic issues that stem from marijuana use, it is crucial that the drug be regulated and controlled. A freelance writer shares the same sentiments in an article by saying â€Å"If we take marijuana off the streets and regulate it, we will diminish organized crime problems† (Marshall, 2005). Advocators will agree that the negative effects caused by marijuana use are only increasing because of the laws against it. Such a controversial issue can be dealt with so easily with much to gain from. It is high time that young men on the streets became professional business men in the thriving industry that they are all passionate of, yet suppressed by law enforcements. It is the economys current state that has given people incentives to seek financial relief and recreation in marijuana use. It is now the economys turn to attain much more. The rewards from legalizing marijuana are unlimited. The end of all poverty and government debt lies in the hands o f those who keep this harmless drug prohibited. References Fox S., Armento P., Tvert M. (2009) Marijuana is safe: So why are we driving people to drink? White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green. Katel P. (2009, June 12). Legalizing Marijuana. CQ Researcher, 19, 525-548. Retrieved February 01, 2010, from CQ Researcher Online http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/ getpdf.php?file=cqr20090612C.pdf Klein J. (2009, April 02). Why legalizing marijuana makes sense. Time. Retrieved February 05, 2010, from http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1889021,00.html Kubby S. (2003). Why marijuana should be legal. New York: Thunders Mouth Press. Marshall P. (2005, February 11). Marijuana Laws. CQ Researcher, 15, 125-148. Retrieved February 01, 2010, from CQ Researcher Online http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/ getpdf.php?file=cqr20050211C.pdf Moffat M. (n.d.). Should governments legalize and tax marijuana? About.com: Economics. Retrieved February 05, 2010, from http://economics.about.com/od/incometaxestaxcuts/a/marijuana.htm Sagan, C. (1969). Mr. X. In Marihuana reconsidered. (pp. 109-116). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Saldevar, J. (2006, August 16). Marijuana: The simple logical benefits of legalization. Associated Content. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www.assciatedcontent.com /article/50880/marijuana_the_simple_logical_benefits.html?cat=9

Graduation Speech: Christ is Still the Only Way :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

For the last 18 years or so, we have been influenced and directed by parents, teachers, and other authority figures. We have been told when to get up, when to work, when to play, when to eat, sleep, come home, go out, etc., etc., etc. Now we are moving on. As we do, let me remind you of two principles we have been taught, the principle of freedom and the principle of success. As adults, a whole new world of personal freedom awaits us. Freedom is a wonderful gift. It is similar to a coin with two sides. Those of us with a driver's license understand these two concepts every time we get into a car. In your car, where you go, how fast you go, and what route you will take are all up to you. You are free to make those choices. However, this freedom also means that you must be responsible. Why does the law require that we have insurance? Because the moment you take control of the vehicle, you become accountable for every one of your actions until your vehicle reaches its destination. You have the freedom to go as fast as you want, but the law will discipline you if you go too fast. You have freedom to take any road you want, but not every road will take you to your desired destination. Life is very much like driving. You are free to choose any one of the many options before you both now and in the future, but not every option will take you where God would want you to go. Proverbs 16:9: The mind of a man plans his way, but the Lord directs his steps. You can choose to live in the so-called "fast lane" without any sense of responsibility, but are you ready to pay the price? Proverbs 14:12: There is a way which seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death. In order to remain truly free you must learn to balance personal choices with biblical responsibility. Live your life to the fullest, mindful that we will all someday give an account to God for our actions. As you enjoy this tremendous gift called freedom, stay accountable to God because that's the only way to maximize your potential for success. This brings me to my second point. Most people don't really understand success, at least not as the Bible defines it.

Ice Hockey and Highly Effective Tool Essay

All die-hard hockey fans have their own opinion on if fighting should or should not be allowed in hockey. There are lots of different debates going on right now and many people are getting a say in what they think about fighting such as, former Boston Bruins coach, Don Cherry and NHL director of hockey operations, Colin Campbell who said that most fans like fighting and that right now it has its place in hockey. Fighting is also a huge part of the game for some very aggressive players so to take away fighting from hockey would to be taking away some of the players as well. Although, some people say that fighting sends a bad message to children it actually prevents more injuries then it causes. Actually, most people think that fighting is a way for players to release their anger during the game and it even keeps the skilled players out there from getting hurt because of the enforcers (fighters). Many people love to watch the game of hockey either to watch their favorite team play or their favorite player score the overtime winner but the one thing that boosts the excitement in every fan is a good solid drop of the gloves between two players. Although, fighting causes a five minute penalty for their actions, it is very exciting for the fans and is a highly effective tool for lots of teams. One of the National Hockey League’s (NHL) biggest and most exciting brawlers of this time is Colton Orr of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Orr and many other major fighters give fighting in hockey a entire new meaning from knocking someone out to pulling on hair, but either way most fans love to watch the exciting bouts between two rivals. Still to this day just as many exciting fights are take place today just as they were when the game of hockey started. Secondly, if the commissioners took fighting out of the National Hockey League they would be taking the risk of losing a major percentage of the US market. This would be a huge problem because there is a vast majority of people in the US who watch hockey and love it when a fight breaks out. This is a true fact because for example, the Philadelphia Flyers and Boston Bruins have a huge reputation for being two of the roughest, toughest teams out there. So, if fighting were to be taken out the NHL would also lose Boston and Philadelphia market which at this time is huge. If that were to happen they would lose a high majority of their ticket sales causing them to even shut down at some time. Thirdly, taking fighting completely out of hockey really won’t solve any problems for anyone; in fact it will probably make it even worse. By eliminating fighting this will just cause dirtier plays such as slew footing, slashing, spearing, hooking and many more forms of rough play which will make the eliminators of fighting think twice about what they had done. As well, if more forms of rough play began working its way into the league that could cause more injuries then fighting ever did alone. But, if they were to take out fighting out of hockey wouldn’t it be fair to take out all types of contact as well, but then what kind of sport would we be left with? And I thought Canadians were supposed to be the tough ones. Finally, many people are saying fighting can’t be taken out of hockey because for some teams picking a fight is a secret weapon for them. Fighting for some teams can be a highly effective tool for them when used right though. If, done right this can be very effective to intimidate a player and make him do dumb plays. For example, if you can get under a opponents skin and into his head they are going to be more focused on you then any part of the game and this can cause them to give up the puck and then there coach could make them miss some of the game. Or if one of your players gets hurt due to a big hit and you go after them it shows your willing can stand up for them and that they can’t mess with your team.

Digital Equity

Running head: Digital Age Grand Canyon University: With the increase of internet usage and the use of the digital technology consumers have impacted the way we look at health services and the health care delivery system. Because consumers are seeking health information online it makes use reevaluate the way we think of the medical information we receive from our primary care provider and the relationship between that provider and his patients. Many consumers seek information for themselves, for friends and family.Consumers seek health information via the web, phone, fax, email system, discussion boards, social networks, forums, and bulletin boards. The anticipated shifts in service are secondary to the lack of education, literacy skills, and mistrust of providers, poverty, and the lack of health coverage. â€Å"Consumers across all categories of age, education, income, race, ethnicity and health status increased their information seeking significantly, but education level remained t he key factor in explaining how likely people are to seek health information† (Tu, Cohen, 2008).A second reason for a change in service utilization is the high cost of medical treatment and the insurance premiums that patients must pay. With the increase of financial responsibility patients have an increase motivation to obtain health information and weigh in on their options for treatment and payment. By using the internet consumers have a valuable tool that empowers them, reduces social isolation, and helps consumers identify medical issues. One of the most critical ways in which the power of information can influence consumers is by finding ways to support the consumer emotionally.The District of Columbia and their federal government has released a new regional health information organization (RHIO) designed to improve the way health care is delivered. By encouraging the use of the Health information technology (HIT) they are improving care. The mission for the District of Columbia Primary Care Association (DCPCA) is to promote health care reform. The DCPCA accomplishes its mission by promoting the health equity of the poor, uninsured, and the underserved residents of the community. Through the mplementation of health reform the District of Columbia has worked to improve health care services through patient shared records, and clinical outcomes across the organization. â€Å"In 2009 health care reform asked us to do three things: (1) Improve the health of the population at large; (2) enhance the patient experience; and (3) reduce the per capita cost of care† (Baskerville ,S, 2011). With the recent improvement and emerging trends of advanced digital technology our older patients have the ability to research health information via the internet and web based technology.The web itself has changed the way our elderly population views diseases and conditions secondary to the way the information is displayed. By increasing what we view and how we view it, we as consumers turn to three major websites to seek medical information, Medline Plus, Health Finder, CAPHIS. Patients seek trust worthy health information for solutions and providing them with additional data in which to ask their medical provider. Medical websites are designed to enhance the ability of the disabled and the elderly through communication, social emotional support, and enhancing the patient provider relationship.The similarities of community health information network (CHIN) and health information network (HIN) is that they concentrate on helping services for a single community, while (RHIN) regional health information network concentrates on the social community. CHIN looks to improve efficiency, reduce care cost and enhance health care delivery. RHIN is considered a multi-stake holder organization. RHINO consist of hospitals, employers and payers, and small clinics. RHINO’s purpose is to encourage the adoption of health information technology.RHINOSâ⠂¬â„¢s main objective in the health administration is to improve quality of delivery patient care, network health information, patient customer service and reduce delivery care cost. References McGarth, N. (2010). Under pressure: The changing role of healthcare CIO. Retrieved from http://www. necelevateperformance. com/pdf/Healthcare/EIU_NEC_Whitepaper. pdf Tan, J. (2010). Adaptive health management info system. (3rd ed. ). Sudbury MA: Jones and Bartlett. Baskerville, S. (2011). Status of Health Care Reform Implementation in the District of Columbia. Retrieved May 13, 2012 from online article source:

Free Essays on Fats Waller

By 1925 the pre jazz era was in full effect. Names like Louis Armstrong, ‘Duke’ Ellington, and ‘Count’ Basie were going to be a part of jazz history forever. As jazz became the backbone for most of the music that is heard today, many names were going to be recognized for their contributions to music history. One of them being Thomas ‘Fats’ Waller. Born May 21st, 1904, in New York, Fats was the son of Edward Martin Waller a minister Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem. He played the organ and sang in the choir. But fats would only continue with that routine until the age of fifteen; he would move to the Harlem Cabaret area, occasionally doubling as a theatre organist and as a. piano-roll artist for the Q-R-S Company. Before 1930 Fats would have already performed as the pianist for great blues singer Bessie Smith. The advantage that Fats had growing up, was his tutor, James P. Johnson, better known as the founding father of stride piano. Waller learned most of his characteristics of his style of playing, which was characterized as ‘light and springy’ from Johnson. Fats’ first recordings were done in 1922. But it wasn’t 1929 when he caught a break writing the score for the Broadway hit "Hot Chocolates" with lyrics supplied by his friend Andy Razaf. His most famous song â€Å"Ain’t Misbehavin† was part of this show, which also featured the great Louis Armstrong. Waller was a great entertainer and in 1934 and at George Gershwin’s party, with a delightful performance, one of Victor Records representatives who delighted by his playing and entertaining, scheduled a recording session for Fats with the company. Fats’ band was known as ‘Fats Waller and his Rhythm’. Waller was also the mentor of ‘Count’ Basie, one of the great band leaders of the swing era along with ‘Duke’ Ellington. Everybody wanted to play for either Baise or Ellington, and you were recognized as a good musician once you were p... Free Essays on Fats Waller Free Essays on Fats Waller By 1925 the pre jazz era was in full effect. Names like Louis Armstrong, ‘Duke’ Ellington, and ‘Count’ Basie were going to be a part of jazz history forever. As jazz became the backbone for most of the music that is heard today, many names were going to be recognized for their contributions to music history. One of them being Thomas ‘Fats’ Waller. Born May 21st, 1904, in New York, Fats was the son of Edward Martin Waller a minister Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem. He played the organ and sang in the choir. But fats would only continue with that routine until the age of fifteen; he would move to the Harlem Cabaret area, occasionally doubling as a theatre organist and as a. piano-roll artist for the Q-R-S Company. Before 1930 Fats would have already performed as the pianist for great blues singer Bessie Smith. The advantage that Fats had growing up, was his tutor, James P. Johnson, better known as the founding father of stride piano. Waller learned most of his characteristics of his style of playing, which was characterized as ‘light and springy’ from Johnson. Fats’ first recordings were done in 1922. But it wasn’t 1929 when he caught a break writing the score for the Broadway hit "Hot Chocolates" with lyrics supplied by his friend Andy Razaf. His most famous song â€Å"Ain’t Misbehavin† was part of this show, which also featured the great Louis Armstrong. Waller was a great entertainer and in 1934 and at George Gershwin’s party, with a delightful performance, one of Victor Records representatives who delighted by his playing and entertaining, scheduled a recording session for Fats with the company. Fats’ band was known as ‘Fats Waller and his Rhythm’. Waller was also the mentor of ‘Count’ Basie, one of the great band leaders of the swing era along with ‘Duke’ Ellington. Everybody wanted to play for either Baise or Ellington, and you were recognized as a good musician once you were p...

The top 5 education jobs for 2018

The top 5 education jobs for 2018 â€Å"I should teach† is the common refrain of people everywhere who are fed up with their jobs at any given moment, but actually taking steps toward making that switch takes a lot more than temporary frustration. Whether you’re already on an educational career path, trying to decide what comes next, or you’re one of those career changers who has decided to go ahead and commit to that change, we have some insight into some of the top educational job prospects in the next year. 1. Instructional coordinator/designerInstructional designers, also known as instructional coordinators, are educational professionals who work more behind the scenes. They’re not necessarily in the classroom, but rather work with schools, school districts, teachers, and educational companies to develop and oversee educational curriculums and teaching standards. Their job may include training teachers, reviewing and recommending textbooks, creating materials that align with how studen ts learn, working with new technology to develop comprehensive learning materials or programs, and instituting standards across disciplines or schools.With the growing emphasis on curriculum standards and using technology in the classrooms, this is a field that is expected to grow faster than average over the next 10 years.What you’ll need: This is a pretty specialized field, and most instructional coordinators have a master’s degree, as well as past experience working as a teacher or a school administrator. Some states require that these coordinators have a license if they work in public schools, so be sure to confirm your own state’s requirements.What it pays: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), instructional coordinators make a median annual salary of $62,460 per year, or $30.03 per hour.2. High school teacherTeaching high school is not for the faint of heart. It requires a strong degree of familiarity with a subject and the ability to con nect with teenagers in an educationally meaningful way. But if you’re up to the task of dealing with the nation’s 16-year-olds, there’s always a huge demand for secondary school teachers.High school teachers typically have a specialty (like English, history, or math), and may teach different academic levels within that specialty. The job is heavy on classroom management, with a high volume of students, because the teacher may have a significant courseload. Most high schools keep regular hours (early morning until mid-afternoon), but teachers might also have to put time in during evenings and weekends to prepare for the days ahead. The good news is that you’ll likely have summers off.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree, preferably in the education field. All states also require that public high school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school be sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for cert ification.What it pays: According to the BLS, high school teachers make a median annual salary of $58,030 per year.For more on how to snag teaching jobs:A Beginner’s Guide on How to Become a Teacher3. Elementary school teacherIf you’re interested in the classroom but are more interested in teaching a younger set of students, qualified elementary school teachers are also in high demand. Early childhood educators are responsible for the teaching and well-being of students ranging from kindergarten (or in some schools, pre-kindergarten) through fifth or sixth grade. They are often general specialists, and teach students a range of basic subjects like math, reading, writing, science, history/social studies to get them ready for the next grade. Because students are younger, there are often basic life skills taught as part of the classroom experience.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree in early childhood education. Each state also requires that public school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school make sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for certification.  What it pays: According to the BLS, elementary school teachers make a median annual salary of $55,490 per year.For more on how to snag elementary school teaching jobs:How to Become a Kindergarten Teacher4. ParaprofessionalIf you’re interested in a career in education but don’t have an education-specific degree, becoming a paraprofessional can be a great first step. Paraprofessionals, sometimes called teacher’s aides, are educational professionals who assist teachers in the classroom. Duties may include teaching lessons, helping with classroom behavior management, taking attendance, monitoring students during activities, helping with grading, or working directly with students who need help. Paraprofessionals can be found in elementary schools, secondary schools, or daycare facilities.What you’ll need: A high school degree is usually the main educational requirement, but it helps to have completed some college courses or an Associate’s degree, particularly in education. Each state and school district has its own rules for paraprofessional certification, so you should see what your state requires. Many states and schools require that paraprofessionals take a standardized test to certify that these educators meet a minimum standard.  Ã‚  Ã‚   What it pays: According to the BLS, paraprofessionals make a median annual salary of $25,410 per year. This can vary based on experience, and whether the paraprofessional chooses to specialize in a particular teaching area (like special education).For more on how to snag paraprofessional jobs:How to Become a Paraprofessional5. STEM TeacherTeachers who specialize in the STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) have a hugely bright future, as more and more school systems look to prepare students for an increasingly digital world. This is a specialty, usually taught on the high school level, where teachers prepare students for further study in engineering or the sciences. STEM teachers plan lessons, develop activities, integrate technology, and use current technology and science concepts in the classroom.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree in the sciences or engineering. You may also need a bachelor’s degree or higher in education, as well. Each state also requires that public school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school make sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for certification.What it pays: According to the BLS, these specialized STEM teachers make a median annual salary of $107,490 per year.If you’re considering an educational career path, it’s hard to think of a field that can be more fulfilling. If you’ve thought it over and have decided to set your career path in (or near) the classroom, th ere are a number of paths you can take to take advantage of the current trends in education. Wherever you choose to go, a focus on technology will always bring you to the most promising opportunities in today’s teaching world. Good luck!

Citizenship in the Age of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Citizenship in the Age of the Internet - Essay Example E-voting system gained more popularity among the people of Swaziland. The process of election became easier and the burden of counting the votes was eradicated. This was the major advantage of the e-voting system. Though the people had certain inhibitions in during the initial stages of implementation, they were impressed by the ease of use. This led to the success of e-voting system. Since only registered parties can contest in the elections, it is easier for the government to conduct elections. (Gritzalis, 2003). The entire process of voter registration, vote casting and counting is made in a simpler way. The e-voting system gained popularity within a short period of time due to its faster processing. The election conducted in the year 2008 was a complete success due to the implementation of e-voting system. There was a drastic increase in the number of voters when compared to the previous elections. People turned out in large numbers and the election took place in a hassle free manner. The reason for the increase in the number of people was due to the installation of e-voting system. This made the job of voting easier and people exhibited more interest. The pre-election process was also simple since the system contained all the relevant information. The procedures were clearly explained in the system and this reduced the burden of explaining them explicitly.

Ethics Make up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics Make up - Essay Example The overall moderator in the instance is the sitting judge. In contrast, the civic law requires legislative enactments. As such, the judge in the civic law establishes facts within the cases to use applicable codes. The delivery of the ruling originates from the sitting judge who seeks clarity from established codes of law. The drafting process of the civil law is a responsibility of legislator and other legal scholars. International business systems require defined regulatory systems for absolute operations. The civic law acts as a preferable system for an international business manager (Cavico, Frank & Mujtaba, 2013). This is because of the established code of law. Various international businesses operate under defined legal provision. As such the civic law would serve to apply on the same businesses. 3. What are the concepts of jurisdiction and venue in the U.S. court system? How do they differ, and why are they critical components to resolving disputes in the U.S. court system? (based on Legal Challenges text Chapter 3 The federal court serves as the Supreme Court system in the federal structure. This is because the court is provided in the American constitution. The concepts of jurisdiction include the original jurisdiction, federal question, diversity jurisdiction and supplemental jurisdiction. The offered concepts serve to eliminate arising controversies, clarify different state parties and overlook denied jurisdiction in other courts. An intrinsic value is the true or essential value that is invariable due to accident or person while the extrinsic values refer to expiring values based on variant factors. The distinction between the two values is established through the types of traits portrayed. Intrinsic values reveal natural elements while the extrinsic values exhibit a relationship to objects and immediate environment. The differentiation instills morality and the platform to

Interdisciplinary Team Approach for Asthma Essay

Interdisciplinary Team Approach for Asthma - Essay Example This paper illustrates that 20-year-old James, an engineering student, was admitted to the adult ward with complaints of a cough, chest tightness, wheezing since one day and difficulty in breathing for 2 hours. Prior to the onset of these symptoms he suffered from running nose for a couple of days. He had no fever, vomiting or abdominal pain. A cough was worse in the nights and in the early morning. Exercise and exposure to cold increased a cough. On further inquiry into the past history, the patient complained that he suffered from repeated attacks of a cough and chest tightness on and off since 6 months, especially when he had the running nose or was exposed to the cold environment. Since the symptoms were not severe, James did not see a doctor then for those symptoms. However, breathlessness in the current episode made him come to the hospital. James was a smoker and smokes about 3-4 cigarettes a day. He consumes alcohol occasionally. He did not have hypertension or diabetes. He h ad no known allergies. His father is a known patient with asthma. On examination, James was alert and oriented to time, place and person. He was finding it difficult to talk continuously. He preferred to sit and talk and avoid lying down. He had no cyanosis or peripheral edema. He appeared mildly pale. Respiratory rate was 25 per minute, pulse rate was 100 per minute, temperature normal, blood pressure 130/80mmHg. Auscultation of the chest revealed presence of breath sounds bilaterally with prolonged expiration. Rhonchi were heard in the basal areas of the chest. Occasional crepitations were also heard. Saturations were 90 percent. Examination of the other systems was unremarkable. In view of the severity of the condition and low saturation on pulse oximetry, James was admitted to the adult ward for further, evaluation, observation, and management. James was accompanied by his parents.

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation Research Paper

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation - Research Paper Example Additionally, the online analytical processing systems offer a technique to produce ad-hoc queries beside the data-warehouse in an attempt to respond to significant business questions. In the same way, data mining offers a wide variety of techniques and algorithms for finding knowledge in a huge bulk of corporate data. In addition, in order to develop a data warehouse system, we need to put into operation a reliable technology structure where corporate operational data can be managed effectively with real and enterprise-wide aspects and to get into reorganization of a handful application policies to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system has occasionally been a very big challenge in theory as well as in practice (Charles, 2010; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Olamendy, 2010). This paper discusses some of the important aspects related to the design and implementation of a data warehouse system. The basic purpose of thi s research is to investigate some of the important aspects such as theories, initiatives, models and techniques for better and improved data warehouse system design and implementations. Introduction A data warehouse is normally recognized as an integrated and time-varying set of information and data that is basically used for strategic decision making through OLAP (online analytical processing) methods. ... this perspective, however hardly any technique exists to date for applying similar methods from an operational database (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Without a doubt, there are many standards and methods to implement and design a relational data model for a business system which are flexible to design and implement data warehouse technology based modeling, however they cannot be employed as a natural method, consequently data warehouse development modeling is novel regulation that is improving with the passage of time. Basically, the starting point for the design and development of the data-warehouse environment is the data model. In absence data model, the implementation of a data warehouse is almost impossible. In this scenario, the data model works like a roadmap for technology based system development (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Moreover, in order to d evelop a data warehouse system, we need to form a reliable technology based environment where organization’s operational data will be maintained effectively in an enterprise and integrated view and to get into recognition a handful accomplishment policy to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system frequently is a very complex issue in theory as well as practice (Charles, 2010). This paper will present a detailed analysis of data warehouse design and implementation. This research will cover some of the major aspects that need to be considered while designing implementing models of the data warehouse. Data Warehouse Design This section discusses some of the approaches and methods those can be adopted for the data warehouse design which

Analysis Report of a Sylvia's Bar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis Report of a Sylvia's Bar - Essay Example This study has shown the current business scenario of the bar which provides how the pain points of this business are negatively helping it to occurring losses over the years. This analysis also provides the recommendations by which it might restructure its business strategies so that it can turn around from old traditional culture and provides services which match with the test and preferences of the young generations. Research Objective The purpose of study of the current business practice of Sylvia’s Bar has some objectives. These core objectives are to find out the likely wrong business practices which negatively catalysing the business for making losses over the years and recommend possible solutions which might help to turn around the business in a profit making positions. Research Methodology This business analysis of Sylvia’s Bar is based on primary research and as well as some secondary research also. The main key findings of problems came out by questioning th e customers (Appendix 1.1) of the bar and the staffs (Appendix 1.2) as well. Generally questionnaire is made by a list of questions and the same questions to the targeted samples. But here, different questions are asked to different customers who used to come earlier but not now. The feedback was taken from current and earlier customers in different parameters like Age, Profession, Choice of clothing’s etc. This research was made on both qualitative and quantitative analysis. To analyse the feedback of questionnaire, qualitative research method and for the numbers like the price of the product and services Silvia’s offer is compared with the local competitors who generally have strategy of regular price, more customers. The feedbacks of the customers and the staffs have shown that the bar’s business strategy doesn’t follow the trend of people’s lifestyle and choices. Study Findings Qualitative Analysis Local market survey shows that like Silviaâ₠¬â„¢s bar, many late night bars have opened on that high road of Birmingham like grass flower in the rainy season. They provide entertainment to their customer based on their choices and preferences and follow the trend of changes in customer’s choices. Sylvia’s was established in 1986 targeting the local bank employees and serviced offered at that time according to their choices and preferences and this is why it was so popular in its childhood. Not only this, Sylvia’s bar was only late night bar on the high street which opened after 11pm, and for this reason people from local pubs, who want to spare more time, used to come there as those pubs used to close at 11pm. But, now a days, this area is not that much popular and many younger prefer the fashionable Canal district for weekend night outs. This segment of people doesn’t have 80s or 90s mentality, lifestyles, choice of relaxation. Now trend has been changed and people like to relax in weekend nights in crowdie nightclubs with group of friends and colleagues where they will be provided regular priced dishes, wines, cocktails etc with remix tracks by popular DJs rather than like to spend the time of their relaxation in a silences environment especially in a bar where old classical songs and premium priced dishes and cocktails are available. The business strategies of Sylvia’s might work in a pores city like London where many community of traditional, classy

Long Distance Trade for the Roman and Han Empires Essay

Long Distance Trade for the Roman and Han Empires - Essay Example The much famous Silk Road route was properly established during the Han Dynasty (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, p. 133). The continually soaring demand for silk from the Roman Empire did intensify the commercial traffic in Central Asia. The Roma traders sailed as far as the Western ports of India to purchase the Chinese silk (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, p. 118). When the Han Empire conquered the territories in Southwest China, this did give impetus to the long distance trade extending as far as Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, 135). There existed much demand for the silk and gold produced by the Han Empire. Going by the commercial importance and power of the Han Empire, the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius did send a trade mission to China to bolster the trade relations between the two Empires (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014). The Han merchants also carried silk as far as to India and traded it for the Indian spices, gems, gold, silver, cotton, perfumes, incense, pe arls, and any array of other commodities. Long distance trade did play a major role in strengthening the Han Empire and enhancing its prosperity and affluence. The Roman Empire happened to be a big source of goods that were manufactured and mined along the Mediterranean Basin. To carry on the trade with Central Asia and Europe, the Romans built and extensive network of roads which gave an impetus to the long distance trade in the Roman Empire (McNeill & McNeill, 2003, p. 114). The Romans were also good at drafting detailed maps which happened t o be quiet accurate. The ingenuity of Roman business acumen could be noticed by the fact that the Romans did make efforts to connect the road networks with the important sea routes in their domain to assure smooth and hassle free trade (McNeill & McNeill, 2003). The Silk Road happened to be an important bridge that connected the Han and the Roman Empire.

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation Research Paper

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation - Research Paper Example Additionally, the online analytical processing systems offer a technique to produce ad-hoc queries beside the data-warehouse in an attempt to respond to significant business questions. In the same way, data mining offers a wide variety of techniques and algorithms for finding knowledge in a huge bulk of corporate data. In addition, in order to develop a data warehouse system, we need to put into operation a reliable technology structure where corporate operational data can be managed effectively with real and enterprise-wide aspects and to get into reorganization of a handful application policies to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system has occasionally been a very big challenge in theory as well as in practice (Charles, 2010; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Olamendy, 2010). This paper discusses some of the important aspects related to the design and implementation of a data warehouse system. The basic purpose of thi s research is to investigate some of the important aspects such as theories, initiatives, models and techniques for better and improved data warehouse system design and implementations. Introduction A data warehouse is normally recognized as an integrated and time-varying set of information and data that is basically used for strategic decision making through OLAP (online analytical processing) methods. ... this perspective, however hardly any technique exists to date for applying similar methods from an operational database (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Without a doubt, there are many standards and methods to implement and design a relational data model for a business system which are flexible to design and implement data warehouse technology based modeling, however they cannot be employed as a natural method, consequently data warehouse development modeling is novel regulation that is improving with the passage of time. Basically, the starting point for the design and development of the data-warehouse environment is the data model. In absence data model, the implementation of a data warehouse is almost impossible. In this scenario, the data model works like a roadmap for technology based system development (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Moreover, in order to d evelop a data warehouse system, we need to form a reliable technology based environment where organization’s operational data will be maintained effectively in an enterprise and integrated view and to get into recognition a handful accomplishment policy to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system frequently is a very complex issue in theory as well as practice (Charles, 2010). This paper will present a detailed analysis of data warehouse design and implementation. This research will cover some of the major aspects that need to be considered while designing implementing models of the data warehouse. Data Warehouse Design This section discusses some of the approaches and methods those can be adopted for the data warehouse design which

Long Distance Trade for the Roman and Han Empires Essay

Long Distance Trade for the Roman and Han Empires - Essay Example The much famous Silk Road route was properly established during the Han Dynasty (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, p. 133). The continually soaring demand for silk from the Roman Empire did intensify the commercial traffic in Central Asia. The Roma traders sailed as far as the Western ports of India to purchase the Chinese silk (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, p. 118). When the Han Empire conquered the territories in Southwest China, this did give impetus to the long distance trade extending as far as Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, 135). There existed much demand for the silk and gold produced by the Han Empire. Going by the commercial importance and power of the Han Empire, the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius did send a trade mission to China to bolster the trade relations between the two Empires (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014). The Han merchants also carried silk as far as to India and traded it for the Indian spices, gems, gold, silver, cotton, perfumes, incense, pe arls, and any array of other commodities. Long distance trade did play a major role in strengthening the Han Empire and enhancing its prosperity and affluence. The Roman Empire happened to be a big source of goods that were manufactured and mined along the Mediterranean Basin. To carry on the trade with Central Asia and Europe, the Romans built and extensive network of roads which gave an impetus to the long distance trade in the Roman Empire (McNeill & McNeill, 2003, p. 114). The Romans were also good at drafting detailed maps which happened t o be quiet accurate. The ingenuity of Roman business acumen could be noticed by the fact that the Romans did make efforts to connect the road networks with the important sea routes in their domain to assure smooth and hassle free trade (McNeill & McNeill, 2003). The Silk Road happened to be an important bridge that connected the Han and the Roman Empire.

Behaviour Self Management Essay Example for Free

Behaviour Self Management Essay Behaviour Self-Management Project to Increase Studying Behaviour Behaviour Modification is a technique or approach used by behavioural psychologists to modify a particular behaviour and is largely used in a clinical or educational setting, particularly with those with learning disabilities (Atherton, 2011). Moreover, it also considered to be a treatment approach, as it substitutes undesirable behaviours with desired ones through the process of positive or negative reinforcement (Gary, 1988). Furthermore, behaviour modification has been used to treat numerous mental problems such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), phobias, enuresis, generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder and many more. Subsequently, this technique has also been used to correct maladaptive behaviours by changing undesirable behaviours such as smoking, overeating, nail biting and others, as it aims to encourage the substitution of good behaviours such as studying, weight loss and etc (O’Donohue and Ferguson, 2006). The principles of behaviour modification were first developed by B. F Skinner, who had formulated the concept of operant conditioning. Skinner, had developed the concept of positive reinforcement or punishment, whereby behaviours are changed or encouraged through a reward system. Furthermore, the operant conditioning theory also states that for learning to occur, it is important that the subject is an active participant (Sheldon, 1982). In addition, behaviour modification was also formulated by Ivan Pavlov and is famously known as classical conditioning, as it is merely based on a stimuli-response formula. Besides that, Albert Bandura also contributed to behaviour modification principles, through his theory of social modelling (Baldwin Baldwin, 1981). The theory states that learning occurs as a result of copying or imitating other people, and is termed as vicarious learning. Additionally, the theory also states that external reinforcers are important because it enables learning to occur independently of the reinforcements. Consequently, behaviour modification underlies a number of theoretical positions such that human behaviour can easily be influenced by the presentation of consequences and could be strengthened if the behaviour is followed by rewards, as well as substandard if followed by negative consequences (Guez Allen, 2000). Moreover, human behaviour is not only controlled by internal factors, but is also driven by external factors such as social rewards like praises or gifts. Thus, the principles of behaviour modification is different compared to other techniques in changing behaviours, because it addresses the surrounding factors as well as individual factors that can promote or derail behaviour change. Additionally, behaviour modification has also proved its effectiveness in increasing student’s appropriate classroom behaviours. A study had employed behaviour modification in two second grade Negro girls in a demonstration school for the culturally deprived (Wasik, Senn, Welch, Cooper, 1969). Data collected in the study was based on type, duration, and frequency of teacher’s verbal interactions with the student. The study also had implemented an ABAB design, whereas treatment included positive social reinforcement when appropriate behaviours occurred. Punishment had included the use of timeout from social reinforcements, as these behaviours were contingent on inappropriate attention getting behaviours. It was observed that after 25 days, desirable behaviour in the classroom had increased remarkably from 80. % in baseline to 99. 20% in treatment and continued to remain high even after three months. Therefore, this shows that behaviour modification is an effective method to increase desirable behaviours. Target Behaviour It is essential and important that the target behaviour an individual wants to change is operationally defined. The particular behaviour would also require assessment, through collection of the baseline data. Furthermore, the behaviour that I want to change is to increase my studying behaviour, which is a behavioural deficit. Ever since I was in school, I was always known to study towards the end of the semester and could generally be considered as last minute studying. Subsequently, I would tend to be easily distracted by external stimuli such as watching movies or series on the computer, calling up friends and talking for hours as well as easily persuaded to go out. I have been known since young to be very outgoing, thus whenever friends call and ask me to meet up with them, I am bound to go. Therefore, it usually delays my ability to follow my studying schedule that I have created before the semester starts. Moreover, my main antecedent that unable me to complete my suggested two hours studying per night every weekday is also because I have a tendency to download movies or series on the computer and wasting 4 hours or more watching it. There are also consequences that I face because of my procrastination to study, because after watching these series, I would only tend to study less than an hour or not at all if I am tired. Consequently, I would cram all the materials during study week and end up being exhausted. This also is a reason as to why I tend to get ill during exam week, because it causes me to have high level of stress and in turn would affect my health. Hence, these are valid reasons as to why I feel like I need to change my behaviour and start studying more hours as I should so that I would not be stressed out during exams. Besides that, stress could also cause ulcers and the common cold, which in turn could be a setback to me during exam week as I am prone to get ulcers. Additionally, it would also allow me to focus more to improve my grade ratings to my expectations as I will soon complete my undergraduate program. Other than that, increasing my studying behaviour would also allow me to get sufficient sleep and rest for the upcoming exam and it would also benefit me in terms of managing my time efficiently. Method Design The design that I have chosen for this particular self management project is the ABAB reversal design. This design represents the attempt to first measure the baseline, the treatment that follows the initial baseline, the introduction of the second baseline as well as the reintroduction of the treatment again. Additionally, this method of application helps identify the effects of treatment and measure what happens when treatment is removed. Hence, this research design would help establish whether functional relationship exists between the target behaviour and intervention. Materials The materials used in this project include a structured diary that is recorded in the computer, behaviour contract, handphone, post-it notes, playing cards and reminders. Procedure Additionally, for this particular behaviour modification project, the operational definition is first defined as reading pages from the textbook and underlining as well as understanding sentences in the text and reading notes from the lectures for two hours. Furthermore, the behaviour would be recorded through self monitoring during baseline and treatment period as the behaviour does not occur frequently throughout the day and it only occurs during the period when no one else is around to observe. The observational period is recorded in the natural setting, which is in the study room at my home, and it is where studying behaviour typically occurs. The type of behavioural recording used is the duration recording, whereby studying behaviour is observed for two hours, between 8. 30p. m to 10. 0p. m on weekdays only. Next, in order to increase studying behaviour during weekdays, a generalised conditioned reinforcer, which is the token economy system is used because it reinforces the behaviour and minimises the need to use reactive strategies to deal with setbacks as well as it enables the ability to pair up with a variety of other reinforcers. In addition, the token economy is a playing card with my housemate’s signature on it, and one card would be given each day, whenever the desired behaviour occurred at least 2 hours a day. Furthermore, the acquired tokens would be eligible to trade with certain privileges and would be forfeited if the behaviour does not meet the expected requirements. Hence, a variety of backup reinforces are used in exchange with the accumulated playing cards on every Friday to determine the type of privileges that would be given and further information is provided in the behavioural contract (Appendix A). Besides that, punishment would be provided if I fail to meet the expected requirement. Additionally, the schedule of reinforcement chosen for this particular project is fixed interval, whereby studying behaviour is reinforced only if it occurs for at least two hours. The behaviour occurrence would also be recorded in the computer, as the behaviour occurs at home in the study room. Besides that, during the treatment period, my friends and housemate have also promised to give me social support and reinforcements. In addition, various types of response and stimulus prompts are also used in this project. Verbal prompts such as reminders to study are used by friends and housemates to evoke the desired behaviour in myself. They will do this by not persuading me to go out with them and reminding me to study instead. Furthermore, environmental prompts are also used in this project such as post its on the mirror, computer in the study room and class file that I carry to class every day, as well as using the hand phone to set alarm to study. In addition, within prompt fading was used in the second treatment period, for response prompts, whereby friends and boyfriend provided fewer verbal prompts as the week progressed during treatment period. Next, stimulus fading was also used in the second treatment period for environmental prompts, whereby on the first day, removal of alarm clock would be used and for subsequent days, one post its would be removed from either the mirror, computer or class file until the last day of treatment. Results The baseline and treatment data was collected for a period of four weeks and intervention was applied during treatment 1 and treatment 2. Figure 1: Studying behaviour in baseline and treatment weeks. Figure 1 shows that during the first baseline, studying behaviour did not occur at all for the first two days, one hour for the third, again none on the fourth and two hours on the fifth day. Hence, the average studying hours for the first baseline week is 0. 4 hours or 24 minutes. Furthermore, this could be clearly seen in the structured diary attached for the first baseline (Appendix B). Next, intervention took place in the second week, whereby various strategies were used to increase studying behaviour. Results showed that studying behaviour had occurred for two hours for the first and second day, one hour for the third day, two hours for the fourth day, and none on the fifth day. This shows that studying behaviour had increased to an average of 1. 4 hours a day and that there was an increase of 50% from the initial baseline to the treatment period. Moreover, the self management project had returned to baseline on the third week and results showed that studying behaviour had occurred for 2. hours on the first day, one hour on the second, none on the third and fourth and two hours on the fifth day. Thus, the average studying behaviour was 1. 1 hours a day for the second baseline period. Although the average hours were less compared to the treatment period, however, there was definitely an increase compared to the first baseline period, whereby average hours were only 0. 4 hours. Next, intervention was again applied and the second treatment results showed that studying behaviour occurred for one hour on the first day, 2. hours on the second, two hours on the third, one hour on the fourth, and two hours on the fifth day. Hence, the average studying hours is approximately 1. 7 hours a day. Thus, this also shows that there is an increase of studying behaviour between the second baseline and second treatment period. Besides that, there is also a staggering increase from the initial baseline and second treatment period, that precedes to fluctuate in the second baseline, when intervention was removed. Discussion  The behaviour modification project to increase studying behaviour was definitely a success because the graphs showed an increase in hours of studying as compared to the baseline data, thus indicating that there us a functional relationship between the target behaviour and the procedure. Furthermore, it is clear that the token economy system was a contributor to the success of increasing studying behaviour because once token economy was removed in the second baseline; the target behaviour had decreased tremendously. In addition, the target behaviour had increased when the second intervention was applied in the fourth week. Moreover, the use of reinforcements and punishment also helped me to keep myself motivated and determined to achieve the weekly goal that was set. Besides that, the use of within stimulus fading helped me generalise my behaviour to the subsequent weeks ahead, hence I had gradually adjusted myself with getting used to having less and less prompts throughout the week. However, there were also some limitations in this project, whereby, the duration of treatment intervention is too short to allow the behaviour to fully adjust and be generalised without the use of prompts. In addition, self monitoring was used during observation of behaviour for the baseline data. Observer may not be trained enough to record her own behaviour, hence data may not be as reliable as compared to having an inter rater observation. Moreover, the implementation of reinforcement contingency was my housemate, and sometimes the reinforcements were given a day later because she is not around. This has affected the effectiveness of the token as a reinforcing consequence as some deliveries of the token did not occur immediately after the response occurred according to the expected schedule. Furthermore, due to the delay between the response and token, it could have also affected the connection strength of the behaviour. In conclusion, behaviour modification is definitely an effective treatment method to help increase, decrease or develop new behaviours and it is applicable to use in a variety of problematic behaviours.

Training And Career Development In Private Sector Management Essay

Training And Career Development In Private Sector Management Essay The involvement of the private sector to foster the improvement of the workforce can affect the entire economy. The operations of the companies in the formulation and implementation of the training is having its own potential to grow as a strategy. The provided opportunity to the professionals deserves an upgrading approach into their skills and to their careers. Without the appropriate answer in the needs of the employees for training there is a devastating effect on the growth of the business and the countrys economy of Pakistan. Different administrative reforms of the private companies adopted different strategies and adjustments to satisfy the needs. With respect to the core personnel policies, there should be an effective way to enhance the job performance of the employee. The aid of the training and development is one of the major steps that most of the private companies want to keep in their system to achieve the quality of performance. In this report I have presented study on TD at Telenor. The study limit is to understand the existing system and through a survey of employees to know their feedback of the TD system procedure. The study for time and other resources is limited in its scope but is a sound preliminary work for a researcher in this field. CONTENTS Chapter # CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO. 3. 4. 5. 6. INTRODUCTION Scope of the project Problem Statement Research Objectives Introduction of Variables Definition Training methods Training effectiveness Company Profile Introduction HRD functions Literature Review Introduction to T CD Relationship between variables Research Methodology Methods Result analysis Conclusion Recommendations 5 8 12 24 30 43 SCOPE OF STUDY The strength of any organization is its people. If people are attended properly by recognizing their talents, developing their capabilities and utilizing them appropriately, organizations are likely to be dynamic and grow fast. Ultimately the variety of task in any organization has to be accomplished by the people. Some of them have capabilities to do certain tasks better than other tasks, and some of them may not have capabilities to do the task assigned to them. In any case one of the important process goals of any dynamic organization is to assure that its people are capable of doing the variety of tasks associated to their role/position. Development of their capabilities keeps them psychologically vital. This development needs to be monitored in terms of matching it with the organizational requirements. Therefore, any organization; interested in developing the capabilities of its employee should understand the nature of capabilities required to perform different functions as well as dynamics underlying the development of these capabilities in an and organizational context. Thus proper and timely training programs should be conducted in an organization. PROBLEM STATEMENT: What is the impact of training on employees career development? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Objective Examining the impact of training on career development in private organization of Pakistan. The principle objectives are as follows: To understand the training and development activities of the company. To find out the impact on the performance of the individual after training. Report the feedback of the employees of the training activity carried on. To know the training methods used in the organization. To know the reasons for employees training and development. CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION OF VARIABLES Training Career Development INTRODUCTION Training is defined as a continuous learning process in which the employees will acquire knowledge, enhance professional skills and improve attitudes and behaviors to excel well on the job. The objectives of the training department to identify the required training needs of an organization and fill the gap with a host of training methods for the welfare of the organization and employees on a whole.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The basic difference between training and development is: Training helps to make the employee of a company to be more effective and efficient in the present role and responsibilities of the job i.e. fulfill short term needs of any company but development helps to improve the overall personality dimensions of an employee to take up any future assignments if any and better equipped to handle any critical situations might occur i.e. fulfill long term needs of any company. Different methods in training employees: There are different training methods like on -the job techniques, off-the-job techniques, role playing, simulation, internship, apprentice ship, lectures, case analysis, laboratory training methods etc.  Ã‚   Effectiveness of trainings The training is effective in all means if it Imparts new skills Inculcates new ideas, knowledge and concepts Is practical oriented Not an information dump Aligns the training needs to fulfill the organizational short and long term goals Conducts the post evaluation to ensure the satisfaction levels to refine the future training needs. The following are the key issues to be addressed for a successful training program: Place (indoor/outdoor) Audio visual aids Relevant training materials Facilities Time schedule Non visual aids Trainer  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of a trainer is to develop a competency and skill sets in an individual to perform his/her effectively and efficiently in the work place. The trainer should communicate to the trainees about what is expected out of training in a simple and professional way. The trainer plays a pivotal role from start to end of the training that includes the following: Training plan Timing of different training sessions Choosing the relevant training methods Preparing the training materials and aids Conducting training sessions and Evaluating the post training session   The following are the steps to be undertaken to make the long training session not boring to the trainees/employees: Give appropriate breaks to refresh Use both audio-visual aids as and when necessary Keep avoiding mono dialogue session; make the session highly interactive Include management games like ice breakers etc. to energize the whole team Introduce different learning principles like showing live industry examples and case study analysis  Ã‚   CHAPTER 3 TELENOR COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION Telenor Pakistan is a Pakistani GSM cellular service provider, and is a subsidiary of Telenor, Norway. It has a subscriber base of 19.98 million as of March 2009.Telenor Pakistan is owned by Telenor ASA and adds on to its operations in Asia together with Thailand, Malaysia and Bangladesh. Telenor ASA is an international provider of high quality telecommunications, data and media communication services. It ranks as worlds 7th largest mobile operator with a total of 164 million subscribers in its mobile operations. Telenor Pakistan launched its operations in March 2005 as the single largest direct European investment in Pakistan, setting precedence for further foreign investments in the telecom sector. The company has crossed many milestones and grown in a number of directions, making Telenor Pakistan a leading telecom operator of the country. Telenor is the fastest growing mobile network in the country, with coverage reaching deep into many of the remotest areas of Pakistan. In the mo st difficult terrains of the country, from the hilly northern areas to the sprawling deserts in the south, at times Telenor is the only operator connecting the previously unconnected. Telenor is keeping ahead by investing heavily in infrastructure expansion. With USD 2 billion already invested, Telenor have extended agreements with vendors for network expansion and services until 2009. The agreements, with a potential to result in USD 750 million worth of orders from Telenor Pakistan, are some of the biggest of their kind in the industry. Telenor is spreading across Pakistan, creating 2,500 direct and 25,000-plus indirect employment opportunities. Telenor is a network of 23 company-owned sales and service centers, more than 200 franchisees and some 100,000 retail outlets. VISION AND VALUES Telenor vision is simple: Telenor exists to help customers get the full benefit of communications services in their daily lives. Were here to help. Make it easy. Keep promises. Be inspiring and be respectful. Telenor vision and values define a common approach for all their employees setting out how they do business at Telenor. They provide a fundamental guide for taking care of our customers. Together they set the standard for how Telenor work in order to create sustainable value for our shareholders, customers, employees and partners. Values The values at Telenor are a constant reminder to Employees of how Telenor should serve all our customers around the world. They inspire us to be a driving force in modern communications and customer satisfaction. Values in practice According to an official at Telenor We want to make it easy for our customers to get what they want, when they want it. We will keep promises and do what we say we will do. We will innovate to deliver fresh ideas. And, as an international company, we will respect our customers and their local cultures. TELENOR GROUP STRATEGY The Telenor Group has a strong track record of delivering on ambitious goals. By 2011, we aim to be one of the fastest growing mobile operators in the world, with a strong broadband position in all markets, successfully developing new services and adopting new and responsible business models. The Telenor Group has defined six strategic ambitions which it aims to achieve by 2011. These are: 1. To deliver increased profitable growth The Telenor Group aims to achieve a substantial revenue increase in the years to come. This growth will mainly come from existing businesses. We will seek to increase our core mobile and fixed voice revenues and explore broadband opportunities in our emerging markets. The Telenor Group is also investing in adjacent markets, such as basic financial services and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication worldwide. 2. To strengthen our performance culture across the Group In all our operating companies, we will continue the successful practice of combining a local approach with global expertise. This means that the local management teams will build a unique performance culture based on their own initiatives and in line with the Telenor governance model, Codes of Conduct, vision and values, our people policy and the way we work across borders. In terms of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), our objective is to improve working conditions and environmental management by having clearly defined standards across our operating companies and supply chains. 3. To make responsible business a competitive advantage Corporate responsibility at Telenor will be part of managing risk and linked to our core business. For example, the measures we have taken to fight climate change are motivated both by our commitment to corporate responsibility and by an enlightened view of associated business benefits and opportunities: what is good for the environment is also good for business. Telenor now has clearly defined targets on CO2 emissions from its operations not just to help save our planet, but to save energy and money. Telenor has a strong track record when it comes to sustainable business: it was ranked top performer by the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) in 2007 and 2008. 4. To provide a superior customer experience   Faced with an increasingly competitive environment, Telenor needs to differentiate itself by providing a superior customer experience. In our vision were here to help and core values (make it easy, keep promises, be inspiring, be respectful),   We put customer experience at the top of the agenda throughout the Telenor Group. One of our ambitions is to reach a situation where end-users brand preference is higher than the Telenor market share for all operating companies. 5. To ensure best practice benchmarking across the Group: Telenor will undertake benchmarking and best practice sharing across the Group. A global objective is to achieve a higher reduction in the average operational cost per minute than the expected decline in average price per minute. The Telenor Group aims to achieve considerable continued growth in operating cash flow from all of its operations. 6. To drive change and constant renewal: To secure a strong industry position, we need to innovate in everything we do. To get the most out of our efforts, we have prioritized five group-wide innovation areas: Broadband outside the Nordic countries. Our long-term ambition is to achieve the same position in broadband (mobile and fixed) as we have in mobile voice today. Connected objects / M2M. The Internet of things. The Telenor Group is working to establish itself as a global player within this rapidly growing and potentially huge market. Financial services. The Telenor Group aims to establish itself as a significant player in parts of the financial services industry in select under-serviced markets, establishing a platform for long-term growth. Partner innovation. The Telenor Group controls many valuable assets that can be further developed together with partners. Partner-driven innovation is a cost-effective way to create many new revenue-generating services. Climate change. Our number one priority is to reduce CO2 emissions. The Telenor Group aims to be part of the climate solution by de-carbonizing business processes and reducing physical travel and transport. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT: Human Resource Department engage to perform a set of systematic and planned activities designed by an organization to provide its members with the opportunities to learn necessary skills to meet current and future job demands. HRD department in telenor plays very active role. The head office of HRD department is situated in Islamabad however it has its four zonal offices, these are Central I Central II North South Working of HRD department is cross functional, there is great coordination is among the departments of the company. And HRD department play an important role in providing strategic support. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONS: The functions of HRD in Telenor is to developing the required skills in employees as by perceiving the future needs and demands of the company as well as the requirement of the competitive environment. The major functions which they have to perform are Training and development (TD) Organization development Career development The new learning and performance wheel Strategic management and HRD The supervisors role in HRD Organizational structure of the HRD function As Telenor is one of the growing company of the country so, it is also facing a lot of challenges in order to make its human resource as its competitive advantages, the major challenges which are being faced by the Human Resource Development department in Telenor are: Increasing workforce diversity Competing in a global economy Eliminating the skills gap The need for lifelong learning Facilitating organizational learning, However in Telenor, the HRD department is doing great job in order to cope with all these challenges, HRD department has developed a complete framework which the management is currently practicing.   TYPES OF TRAINING: There are varieties of training types are available at Telenor which varies from need of the employees as well as the company. Broadly speaking there are two main sources of Training. In House Training: In house training the company offers the training in its different zones by means of seminars, conferences and workshops. In house training which is given on the job is System related training Product related training Technical Training Front End Desk Training Operational wise training These are the most common types of training which company gives to its employees. Outsource training: Outsource training telenor go for the outsourcing when the in house training is not available. The topic cover under outsource training are those which are more general in nature so company by evaluating cost and benefit go for outsourcing. While go for outsourcing, Telenor is using the services of Novatious Institute which holds a good name regarding the training. The common types of training are Moral Building Attitude Building Executives Training. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS SUPPORTIVENESS FOR TRAINING: As far as Telenor internal culture is considered the employees are really very satisfied with the Telenors norms and values. It is one of the major reasons that the turn over rate of this organization is very low. By conducting the survey of the sales employees in Telenor, we come to know that 90% of the employees of Telenor took the Training most effective. The major aspects of Telenors culture which supports its objectives are: It owned a flat structure so the communication among employees is very good. Hierarchy of the organization is well managed and there exist no fear between subordinate and boss which give rise to the confidence in employees. There is a vertical communication as well as horizontal communication exists among the employees of Telenor which supports its objectives of being EEO organization. Training is the necessary components for all the employees from CSR (customer services representative) to CEO (chief Executive officer) A FRAMEWORK FOR THE HRD PROCESS HRD department follow a frame work which consists of four major steps, HRD department is primarily responsible for Learning and development of employees. The whole activities of HRD department in Telenor revolve around these steps. 1. Training Need Assessment Phase 2. Training Design Phase 3. Implementation phase 4. Evaluation phase   1- TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT PHASE: Training needs analysis process is a series of activities conducted to identify problems or other issues in the workplace, and to determine whether training is an appropriate response. An analysis of training need is an essential requirement to the design of effective training. The purpose of training need analysis is to determine whether there is a gap between what is required for effective performance and present level of performance. The needs analysis is usually the first step taken to cause a change. This is mainly because a needs analysis specifically defines the gap between the current and the desired individual and organizational performances. In Telenor, the TNA phase has given a primarily importance, it is conducted to determine whether resources required are available or not. It helps to plan the budget of the company, areas where training is required, and also highlights the occasions where training might not be appropriate but requires alternate action. Training Need ari ses at four levels: Training Need Organizational Level Individual Level Operational Level Corporate need and training need are interdependent because the organization performance ultimately depends on the performance of its individual employee and its sub group. Organizational Level In Telenor, Training needs analysis at organizational level focuses on strategic planning, business need, and goals. It starts with the assessment of internal environment of the organization such as, procedures, structures, policies, strengths, and weaknesses and external environment such as opportunities and threats. After doing the SWOT analysis, weaknesses can be dealt with the training interventions, while strengths can further be strengthened with continued training. Threats can be reduced by identifying the areas where training is required. And, opportunities can be exploited by balancing it against costs. For this approach to be successful, the HRD department of Telenor gets involved in strategic planning. In this planning, HR develops strategies to be sure that the employees in the organization have the required Knowledge, Skills, and Attributes (KSAs) based on the future KSAs requirements at each level. Individual Level HRD department of Telenor focuses on each and every individual in the organization. At this level, the HRD department checks whether an employee is performing at desired level or the performance is below expectation. If the difference between the expected performance and actual performance comes out to be positive, then certainly there is a need of training. However, individual competence can also be linked to individual need. The methods which are most commonly used by the HRD department of Telenor to analyze the individual need are: Appraisal and performance review Competency assessments Customer feedback Self-assessment or self-appraisal Operational Level Operational level focuses on the work that is being assigned to the employees. The job analyst at Telenor gathers the information on whether the job is clearly understood by an employee or not. Training officers gathers this information through technical interview, observation, psychological test; questionnaires asking the closed ended as well as open ended questions, etc. Today, jobs are dynamic and keep changing over the time. Employees need to prepare for these changes. The job analyst also gathers information on the tasks needs to be done plus the tasks that will be required in the future. CHAPTER 4 LITERATURE REVIEW Dependent Variable: Career Development Independent Variable: Training LITERATURE REVIEW: To cope with the speedy rate of change or alternations, organizations are more and more challenged with developing significant training programs for its members as a way to compete and succeed in todays unpredictable environment. Pfeiffer (2000) argues that training can be a source of competitive advantage in several industries for firms with the knowledge to use it. Katz (1998) highlights that although large corporations spend over $50 billion on training expenditure, effective employee learning is diminished. Another author Prahalad (2000) also wires employee learning by stating that training should be considered a part of career development for managers that include both the methodical and empirical side of management. Training is defined as the organized acquisition of skills, rules, ideas, or mind-sets that result in improved performance (Goldstein, 1993); now part of organizational learning and change, employee evaluation, and career development is training (White and Mackenzie-Davey, 2003). At another place training is defined by (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, Weick, 1970) as a planned learning practices designed to bring about unending change in an individuals information, attitudes, or abilities. Employee training has turn into more rampant today than 15 years ago, many companies conduct training simply for appearance sake (Hughey and Mussnug, 1997), instead of focusing on adult learning and growth (Wills, 1994; Hollenback and Ingols, 1990; Humphrey, 1990); Kolbs (1984) experimental learning (Whetten and Clark, 1996); and cognitive aptitude (Carter, 2002). Training and organization development activities are receiving increased consideration in the industrial and academic communities at present. According to Huber, organizations spend upwards of $30 billion dollars yearly for training plans involving 15 billion work hours (Huber, 1985). The German apprenticeship system has turn into the focus of much recent writing, studying the financing of such training (Soskice 1994; Oulton and Steedman 1994; Harhoff and Kane 1997; Acemoglu and Pischke 1998). This literature concludes, contrary to the forecasts of Becker (1964), that firms pay a share of the training expenditure of apprentices, even though the qualifications of apprentices are largely broad skills. The bottom line for most training plans is effectiveness; less concentration has been allocated to studying why training programs are effective for some individuals and fruitless for others. Training effectiveness typically is determined by evaluating some combination of the criteria presented in Kirkpatricks (1967) hierarchical model of training outcomes. This hierarchy is made up of four levels of training outcomes: (a) Trainees reactions to the program content and training procedure (reaction); (b) Knowledge or skill attainment (learning); (c) Behavior change (behavior); and (d) Development in tangible individual or organizational outcomes such as turn-over, accidents, or productivity (results). Each stage of the hierarchy is exaggerated by each training result. Trainees satisfaction with the program is believed to have a main impact on learning, the content of the training program must be mastered to some degree for enhancements in on-the-job behavior, and behavior change is important for constructive changes in results such as quality or quantity of production. The overall economy is affected by the organizations choice whether or not to train its workers, even if the firm does not factor the economy into its choice. If all firms within an industry not succeed to train their workers, the whole economy suffers. Hence, training workers is a type of public good, a category that encompasses a broad range of social dilemmas. Employees face a similar dilemma in their choice of how much to contribute to the overall productivity of the organization. If employees receive a share of the profits regardless of their contribution, some may decide to free ride on the efforts of their fellow workers. If all employees decide to do so, the company will fail. The two dilemmas on the employee and organizational levels are closely interconnected. On one side, the benefits of training accumulate only to the extent that employees contribute to the organization. Thus, a firm should take into relation how it expects a training program to affect employee effort as well as employee turnover. On the other side, trained workers produce at higher rates, which in turn may affect how much they contribute and how often they migrate to other firms in comparison with untrained workers. Another way of training your employees in the organization is the mentorship like apprenticeship on which literature suggests that mentoring enhances work effectiveness (Kram, 1985) and job success (Roche, 1979; Stumpf and London, 1981; Hunt and Michael, 1983; Fagenson, 1989). It has also been suggested that training have an important influence on promotion decisions (Stumpf and London, 1981; Hunt and Michael, 1983). Kram (1985) presented an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms through which mentoring affects careers and identified two dimensions of these developmental relationships: Vocational (career coaching) and psycho-social (social support). Career success of managers has generally been defined in terms of performance and the popular symbols of success: Money and position (Hall, 1976; Feldman, 1989). Exploratory Behavior. Hall (1976) defined a career as the individuals perceived sequence of attitudes and behaviors associated with work-related experiences and activities over the span of the persons life Super and his associates theory of adult career development defines four work-relevant life stages: exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline (Super, 1957; Super, Crites, Hummel, Moser, Overstreet, Warnath, 1957). Jordaan (1963) emphasized exploratory behavior as a key determinant of occupational success and satisfaction. Exploratory behavior refers to mental or physical activities undertaken with the purpose of eliciting information about oneself or ones environment, or forming decisions regarding occupational adjustment, progression, or choice. Exploratory behavior includes self-assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of skills, career values, interests, goals, or plans, as well as the search for job-related information from family, friends, counselors, and other career information outlets (Mihal, Sorce, Compte, 1984; Stumpf, Colarelli, Hartman, 1983). Additionally, the extent to which individuals engage in career planning, a type of exploratory behavior, is related to the likelihood of participation in self-development activities, salary level, and advancement (Gould, 1979; Super Hall, 1978). Goulds (1979) Career planning scale assesses the extent to which career plans exist, how frequently career plans are changed, how clear career plans are, and whether or not a strategy exists for achieving career goals. The relationship between exploratory behavior and training effectiveness is unknown. One possible hypothesis is that trainees who frequently engage in cognitive or environmental search activities are likely to have a better under-standing of their strengths, weaknesses, and interests. This results in a high level of motivation to learn in training programs which are congruent with their career goals. These individuals are likely highly motivated to learn because of the self-realization of skill weaknesses resulting from their investments and interests in career growth and progression as evidenced by the frequency and intensity of exploratory type be-saviors. Career workshops provided by the organization may provide employees with a clearer picture regarding career paths and the prerequisite-site skills for horizontal and vertical movement throughout the organization. So training is the significant part for the career development in any organization. CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY To conduct any research a scientific method must be followed. The universe of study is very large in which it is difficult to collect information from all the employees. So, the sampling method has been followed for the study. The analysis is based on primary as well as secondary data. Research Area : Telenor Islamabad Sample size : 35 Data collection Primary data : The data was collected using an appropriate questionnaire And observing employees at Telenor office. Secondary data : Internet, books Method of analysis : SPSS (Pie charts, bar graphs, frequencies, mean std. deviation) Results Statistics training C.D N